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After the Environmental Charter, the government has presented a national environmental health. To reduce the effects of air pollution, water and chemicals on our health, 45 leading shares have been announced. Discover the key steps of this program:-

The presentation of national environmental health follows the adoption by the National Assembly of the Environmental Charter to be included in the preamble of the Constitution. This text enshrines the right to live in a balanced and beneficial to health and duty to participate in its preservation and improvement.

No less than five ministers were presented June 21 the National Environmental Health 1. In addition to Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, were called as reinforcements Philippe Douste-Blazy, the health minister, Serge Lepeltier, Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Jean-Louis Borloo, minister of social cohesion and François Fillon, Minister of National Education. This distribution was intended to highlight the urgency to act:

# 30 000 premature deaths per year are linked to urban air pollution;
# 7 to 20% of cancers are attributable to environmental factors;
# 14% of couples seek help for infertility, difficulties that may be related to exposure to toxic for reproduction;
# Nearly one million workers are exposed to carcinogens;
# The water quality in the natural environment is deteriorating continuously;
# The risk assessment of chemicals is insufficient capacity of expertise French too poorly developed;
# The risks associated with exposure to indoor air are poorly understood, even though people spend about 80% of his time.

To head on these problems, the government has developed a five-year plan intended to make our environment more friendly to our health.

Three goals:- 45 shares, 12 priority … and only 30 million

On the program: three major goals laudable, 45 shares of which twelve were identified as priorities.

* Ensuring clean air and water quality

Reduce by 30% of diesel particulate emissions by 2010, especially through an incentive system of bonus-malus “according to the pollution of vehicles. “The most polluting vehicles, that is to say, most issuers of fine particles and more energy, will apply a penalty, which we will give a bonus to vehicles less polluting and less Consumers Energy has said Serge Lepeltier, Minister of Ecology;

* Reduce air emissions of toxic industrial by 2010;
* From 37 to 100% of drinking water catchments protected by 2010;
* Learning about the air quality and increased regulation;
* Labels 50% of construction materials placed on the market in 2008.

Prevent diseases of environmental origin

# Reducing exposure to occupational carcinogens, mutagens or toxic to reproduction (CMR);
# Strengthening the evaluation capacity of hazardous chemicals;
# Strengthening scientific research.

Better inform and protect the public

# Inform the public and promote public debate, a challenge coordinated by the French Agency for Environmental Health Safety;
# Decrease by 50% the childhood lead poisoning in 2008;
# Launch by 2008 an epidemiological study of 10 000 to 20 000 children, from conception to adulthood to gauge the impact of environment on their health;
# Decrease by 50% of legionellosis cases by 2008.

The first principle of ecology is that every living being in continual relationship with everything that constitutes their environment. They say there is a ecosystem once it is sustainable interaction between organisms and environments.

The ecosystem is analytically differentiated into two sets that interact:

* The biotic community, composed of all living beings
* Within the ecosystem, species have these dependencies, including food. They share with each other and the environment they affect, of the energy and matter. The dead organic matter is one element.

The ecosystem concept is theoretical: it is multiscalar (multi-scale), that is to say, it may apply to portions of varying sizes of the biosphere, a pond, a meadow, or a tree death. A smaller unit is called a microcosm. It may, for example, include species that have colonized a submerged rock. A mésoécosystème could be a forest, and a macro ecosystem a region and its watershed.

The main issues facing an ecologist at the study ecosystems are:

* how was able to achieve colonization of an arid land?
* how continued this trend?
* the current state is stable?
* What are the relationships between the various elements of the system?

Ecosystems are often classified by reference to the biotopes concerned.
* continental ecosystems (or terrestrial), such as forest ecosystems (forests), grassland ecosystems (grasslands, steppes, savannas), agro-ecosystems (agricultural systems);
* inland water ecosystems, benthic ecosystems (lakes, ponds) or lotic ecosystems (rivers);
* oceanic ecosystems (seas, oceans).

Another classification can be done with reference to biological communities (eg, one speaks of forest ecosystem, ecosystem or human).

The pollution of human origin, also known as anthropogenic, have many shapes can be local, cultural, occasional, accidental, diffuse, chronic, genetic, voluntary, involuntary, etc. This pollution is a direct or indirect dissemination in the environment of pollutants. They are often unintended by-products of human activity, such as emissions from exhaust pipes. Waste consumer products (packaging, batteries) thrown carelessly in the biophysical environment and the environment, humans, are also a source of pollution very often.

It may also include physical phenomena (like heat, the light, the radioactivity, the electromagnetism, etc), Whose character is unclean or unhealthy because generally dependent on dose, duration of exposure, potential synergies, etc

* Either the nature of “poison” for humans or the environment (eg mercury in the Bay of Minamata; smog London generated by the combination of a natural climatic phenomenon and emissions caused by heating); by extension, the mere unpleasantness, even harmless, may be sufficient to invoke the term of pollution where the word “nuisance” is often preferred;

* Either their nature teratogenic (causing malformations in newborns), even if not associated with a characteristic toxic to adults (typical example: dioxins, radiation, glycol ethers).

* Either, despite their character not directly toxic to humans and living beings, to their eventual ability to change or disrupt the operation of an ecosystem or the biosphere, either by destroying life (eg pesticides) or its conditions (for example chlorofluorocarbons that destroy the layer of ozone), or the contrary surfavorisant certain expressions (eg nitrates or phosphates agricultural promoting nitrophile flora to the detriment of other species, even the eutrophication or dystrophisation of wetlands, bays Marine, evolving towards dead zones in the worst cases).

It may also include introduction of species or genetic pollution can disrupt the functioning of ecosystems, that is to say the introduction of species or genes in a habitat where they were absent (p . ex. muskrat or GMOs) or pollution by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide or methane.

Ecology is a science that studies the ecosystems at several levels: the population (individuals of the same species), the biotic community (or communities of species), ecotones and ecosystems of different habitats (marine, freshwater, land, ect .) and the biosphere. The Earth, an environmental perspective, includes multiple systems, the hydrosphere (or sphere of water), lithosphere (or sphere soil) and the atmosphere (or sphere of air).The biosphere is part of the terrestrial systems, it is the living part of the planet, the portion which houses the biological life that develops. It is a localized superficial dimension, which goes down to 11 000 feet deep and rising to 15 000 meters altitude above sea level The majority of living species live in area of -100 meters to 100 meters.

Life was first developed in the hydrosphere, at shallow depths in the photic zone. Multicellular beings then appeared and were also colonized benthic zones. Living Earth has developed more slowly after that has formed the ozone layer protecting living beings rays Ultraviolet. The terrestrial species are more diversified than the continents will be fragmented, or otherwise meet. Biosphere and biodiversity are inseparable characteristics of the planet Earth. We define the biosphere as the sphere of living, while biodiversity is the diversity. The sphere is the container, whereas diversity is its content. This diversity is expressed both at the ecological level (ecosystem), population (intraspecific diversity) and species (species diversity).

The biosphere contains great quantities of elements such as carbon, the nitrogen and the oxygen. Other elements such as phosphorus, the calcium, the potassium is also essential for life. In terms of ecosystems and the biosphere, there is a permanent recycling of all these elements, which alternate between the state mineral and the organic state (biogeochemical cycles).

Indeed, the functioning of ecosystems is mainly based on the conversion of the solar energy into chemical energy by organisms autotrophic, through photosynthesis (there is also a chemosynthesis without the use of solar energy). This leads to the production of sugar and release of oxygen. The latter is used by all agencies – as autotrophs heterotrophs – to break down sugars in the cell respiration, freeing the water from carbon dioxide and energy required to operate them. Thus, the activity of living beings is the source of the composition of the atmosphere, the gas flow being provided by large air currents.

The oceans are large tanks that store the exchange of water, ensure thermal and climatic stability, and transport of chemical elements thanks to large oceanic currents.
Similarly, the composition of soils is the result of the composition of the bedrock of the geological and the cumulative effects of living beings. To better understand the functioning of the biosphere, energy balance and dysfunctions related to human activity, American scientists have achieved under glass, a model of the biosphere, called Biosphere II.

Recently, the term “noise pollution” and “visual” have been proposed to describe the supposedly growing nuisance caused by the aggressive sounds (car, train, airplane, music), violent images or regarded as such (mainly advertising and television) or Environmental Policy Act. The term has been specifically chosen to link pollution “physical” and pollution “mind”, although this term is reduced to appoint a mental disorder: in fact, it is possible that “noise pollution”, in particular, induce states stress and cause physical illnesses.

# The industrial pollution,
# The air pollution,
# Pollution related to transport, including automobile pollution and that caused by aircraft
# The radioactive pollution (produced radioactive Chernobyl disaster).
# The electromagnetic pollution (pollution due to ionizing radiation and non-ionizing).
# The thermal pollution
# The light pollution, which differs from the light nuisance in that it has consequences on biodiversity (fauna and disturbed nocturnal environment), together with a waste energy (over 50% of the light is scattered back to the sky or useless …). it also refers to possible disruption of biological cycles in humans. A few simple rules would greatly reduce the.
# Pollution related to tourism (in part related to transport), hobbies (eg DIY) and some recreation (eg boating) or celebrations (eg fireworks).
# The space pollution
# The pollution from weapons or explosives